diff --git a/app/Controllers/Admin/UserController.php b/app/Controllers/Admin/UserController.php
index e1d78f8..12b63f4 100644
--- a/app/Controllers/Admin/UserController.php
+++ b/app/Controllers/Admin/UserController.php
@@ -14,10 +14,6 @@ use App\Services\UserService;
 
 class UserController extends AdminController
 {
-    /**
-     * @property UserService $service
-     * IDE에게 protected $service 속성이 LocalService 타입임을 알려줍니다.
-     */
     public const PATH = 'user';
     public function initController(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, LoggerInterface $logger)
     {
@@ -42,7 +38,7 @@ class UserController extends AdminController
         //요청 데이터를 DTO 객체로 변환
         $dto          = new UserDTO($this->request->getPost());
         $entity       = $this->service->create($dto);
-        $redirect_url = $this->authService->popPreviousUrl() ?? implode(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $this->getActionPaths());
+        $redirect_url = $this->getAuthContext()->popPreviousUrl() ?? implode(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $this->getActionPaths());
         return redirect()->to($redirect_url)->with('success', "{$entity->getTitle()} 계정 생성이 완료되었습니다.");
     }
     protected function modify_form_process($uid): void
@@ -68,7 +64,7 @@ class UserController extends AdminController
         //요청 데이터를 DTO 객체로 변환
         $dto          = new UserDTO($this->request->getPost());
         $entity       = $this->service->modify($dto);
-        $redirect_url = $this->authService->popPreviousUrl() ?? implode(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $this->getActionPaths());
+        $redirect_url = $this->getAuthContext()->popPreviousUrl() ?? implode(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $this->getActionPaths());
         return redirect()->to($redirect_url)->with('success', "{$entity->getTitle()} 계정 수정이 완료되었습니다.");
     }
 }
diff --git a/app/Controllers/Auth/AuthController.php b/app/Controllers/Auth/AuthController.php
index 6a85c91..8cd4e81 100644
--- a/app/Controllers/Auth/AuthController.php
+++ b/app/Controllers/Auth/AuthController.php
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ abstract class AuthController extends CommonController
             $this->action_init_process($action);
             $this->login_form_process();
             $this->action_render_process($action);
-            // dd($this->getViewDatas());
         } catch (\Exception $e) {
             $this->addViewDatas(self::ACTION_RESULT, 'error');
             $this->addViewDatas(self::ACTION_MESSAGE, $e->getMessage());
@@ -51,12 +50,12 @@ abstract class AuthController extends CommonController
         try {
             $this->action_init_process($action);
             $this->login_process();
-            $redirect_url = $this->authService->popPreviousUrl() ?? implode(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $this->getActionPaths());
+            $redirect_url = $this->getAuthContext()->popPreviousUrl() ?? implode(DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $this->getActionPaths());
             return redirect()->to($redirect_url)->with('success', MESSAGES['LOGIN']);
         } catch (ValidationException $e) {
             // 검증 실패 시 폼으로 돌아가서 오류 메시지 표시
             log_message('error', $e->getMessage());
-            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('errors', $e->getMessage());
+            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
         } catch (\Exception $e) {
             log_message('error', $e->getMessage());
             return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error',  $e->getMessage());
@@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ abstract class AuthController extends CommonController
         try {
             $this->logout_process();
             // 홈페이지로 리다이렉트
-            $redirect_url = $this->authService->popPreviousUrl() ?? "/";
+            $redirect_url = $this->getAuthContext()->popPreviousUrl() ?? "/";
             return redirect()->route($redirect_url)->with('error', MESSAGES['LOGOUT']);
         } catch (\Exception $e) {
             log_message("error", $e->getMessage());
diff --git a/app/Controllers/CommonController.php b/app/Controllers/CommonController.php
index 0efaf09..be18ada 100644
--- a/app/Controllers/CommonController.php
+++ b/app/Controllers/CommonController.php
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ namespace App\Controllers;
 
 use App\Controllers\BaseController;
 use App\DTOs\CertificationDTO;
+use App\Libraries\AuthContext;
 use App\Traits\LogTrait;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\DownloadResponse;
 use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RedirectResponse;
@@ -27,11 +28,11 @@ abstract class CommonController extends BaseController
     public function initController(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, LoggerInterface $logger)
     {
         parent::initController($request, $response, $logger);
-        $this->myCertification = CertificationDTO::byAuthContext(service('myauth')->getAuthContext());
+        $this->myCertification = CertificationDTO::byAuthContext($this->getAuthContext());
     }
-    protected function getLayout(): string
+    final protected function getAuthContext(): AuthContext
     {
-        return 'empty';
+        return service('myauth')->getAuthContext();
     }
     final public function addActionPaths(string $path)
     {
@@ -53,6 +54,10 @@ abstract class CommonController extends BaseController
         return  $this->_viewDatas[$key] ?? null;
     }
     //공통 필수기능
+    protected function getLayout(): string
+    {
+        return 'empty';
+    }
     protected function doValidation(string $action): array
     {
         $dynamicRules = [];
@@ -146,7 +151,7 @@ abstract class CommonController extends BaseController
         } catch (ValidationException $e) {
             // 검증 실패 시 폼으로 돌아가서 오류 메시지 표시
             log_message('error', $e->getMessage());
-            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('errors', $e->getMessage());
+            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
         } catch (\Exception $e) {
             log_message('error', $e->getMessage());
             return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
@@ -185,7 +190,7 @@ abstract class CommonController extends BaseController
         } catch (ValidationException $e) {
             // 검증 실패 시 폼으로 돌아가서 오류 메시지 표시
             log_message('error', $e->getMessage());
-            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('errors', $e->getMessage());
+            return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
         } catch (\Exception $e) {
             log_message('error', $e->getMessage());
             return redirect()->back()->withInput()->with('error', $e->getMessage());
diff --git a/app/DTOs/Auth/AuthDTO.php b/app/DTOs/Auth/AuthDTO.php
index dc318c8..c3fc649 100644
--- a/app/DTOs/Auth/AuthDTO.php
+++ b/app/DTOs/Auth/AuthDTO.php
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ namespace App\DTOs\Auth;
 
 use App\DTOs\CommonDTO;
 
-abstract class AuthDTO extends CommonDTO
+class AuthDTO extends CommonDTO
 {
   public function __construct()
   {
diff --git a/app/Forms/Auth/LocalForm.php b/app/Forms/Auth/LocalForm.php
index 338b545..d4a77d1 100644
--- a/app/Forms/Auth/LocalForm.php
+++ b/app/Forms/Auth/LocalForm.php
@@ -25,18 +25,34 @@ class LocalForm extends CommonForm
   }
   public function getFormRule(string $action, string $field, array $rules = []): array
   {
-    $rules = parent::getFormRule($action,  $field, $rules);
+    // 부모 클래스의 기본 규칙을 먼저 가져옵니다.
+    $rules = parent::getFormRule($action, $field, $rules);
+
     switch ($field) {
       case "id":
-        $rule = "required|trim|min_length[4]|max_length[20]";
-        $rule .= in_array($action, ["create", "create_form"]) ? "|is_unique[{$this->getAttribute('table')}.{$field}]" : "";
-        $rules[$field] = $rule;
+        // 💡 배열을 사용하여 규칙 목록을 안전하게 만듭니다.
+        $ruleList = [
+          "required",
+          "trim",
+          "min_length[4]",
+          "max_length[20]",
+        ];
+        // 'create' 액션에만 is_unique 규칙을 추가합니다.
+        if (in_array($action, ["create", "create_form"])) {
+          // $this->getAttribute('table') 대신 $this->model->getTable()를 사용하거나, 
+          // 해당 Form 클래스가 $this->model을 가지고 있다면 그것을 사용해야 합니다.
+          $ruleList[] = "is_unique[{$this->getAttribute('table')}.{$field}]";
+        }
+        // 배열 요소를 '|'로 안전하게 연결하여 최종 Rule 문자열을 생성합니다.
+        $rules[$field] = implode('|', $ruleList);
         break;
       case "passwd":
-        $rules[$field] = in_array($action, ["create", "create_form"]) ? "required|trim|string" : "permit_empty|trim|string";
+        $rules[$field] = in_array($action, ["create", "create_form"])
+          ? "required|trim|string"
+          : "permit_empty|trim|string";
         break;
       default:
-        $rules = parent::getFormRule($action,  $field, $rules);
+        $rules = parent::getFormRule($action, $field, $rules);
         break;
     }
     return $rules;
diff --git a/app/Services/Auth/AuthService.php b/app/Services/Auth/AuthService.php
index 07bd173..aa3e312 100644
--- a/app/Services/Auth/AuthService.php
+++ b/app/Services/Auth/AuthService.php
@@ -2,10 +2,11 @@
 
 namespace App\Services\Auth;
 
+use App\DTOs\Auth\AuthDTO;
 use App\Entities\UserEntity;
 use App\Helpers\AuthHelper;
-use App\Models\CommonModel;
 use App\Libraries\AuthContext;
+use App\Models\CommonModel;
 use CodeIgniter\Validation\Exceptions\ValidationException;
 
 /**
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ abstract class AuthService
 	{
 		switch ($field) {
 			default:
-				$rules[$field] = $this->getFormService()->getValidationRule($action, $field);
+				$rules = $this->getFormService()->getFormRule($action, $field);
 				break;
 		}
 		return $rules;
@@ -100,12 +101,13 @@ abstract class AuthService
 
 	//로그인
 	abstract protected function login_process(array $formDatas): UserEntity;
-	public function login(object $dto): UserEntity
+	public function login(AuthDTO $dto): UserEntity
 	{
+		$formDatas = (array)$dto;
 		//입력값 검증
-		$formDatas = (array) $dto;
-		if (!service('validation')->setRules($this->getValidationRules(__FUNCTION__))->run($formDatas)) {
-			throw new ValidationException(implode("\n", service('validation')->getErrors()));
+		$validation = service('validation')->setRules($this->getValidationRules(__FUNCTION__));
+		if (!$validation->run($formDatas)) {
+			throw new ValidationException(implode("\n", $validation->getErrors()));
 		}
 		//인증처리
 		$entity = $this->login_process($formDatas);
diff --git a/app/Services/Auth/GoogleService.php b/app/Services/Auth/GoogleService.php
index d32962e..f6f3784 100644
--- a/app/Services/Auth/GoogleService.php
+++ b/app/Services/Auth/GoogleService.php
@@ -3,13 +3,12 @@
 namespace App\Services\Auth;
 
 use App\DTOs\Auth\GoogleDTO;
-use App\DTOs\AuthDTO;
+use App\DTOs\Auth\AuthDTO;
 use App\Entities\UserEntity;
 use App\Forms\Auth\GoogleForm;
 use App\Libraries\MySocket\GoogleSocket\CURL;
 use App\Models\UserModel;
 use CodeIgniter\Exceptions\PageNotFoundException;
-use CodeIgniter\Validation\Exceptions\ValidationException;
 use RuntimeException;
 
 class GoogleService extends AuthService
@@ -53,13 +52,11 @@ class GoogleService extends AuthService
 			throw new PageNotFoundException("관리자에게 문의하시기 바랍니다.\n{$e->getMessage()}");
 		}
 	}
-	public function login(mixed $dto): UserEntity
+	public function login(AuthDTO $dto): UserEntity
 	{
 		if (!$dto instanceof GoogleDTO) {
-			throw new RuntimeException(__METHOD__ . "에서 오류발생: GoogleDTO만 사용하실수 있습니다");
+			throw new RuntimeException(__METHOD__ . "에서 오류발생: " . get_class($dto) . " DTO는 사용할 수 없습니다. LocalDTO만 허용됩니다.");
 		}
 		return parent::login($dto);
-		// DTO 객체를 배열로 변환하여 검증기에 전달
-		$formDatas = (array) $dto;
 	}
 }
diff --git a/app/Services/Auth/LocalService.php b/app/Services/Auth/LocalService.php
index f8f5809..3ebeefc 100644
--- a/app/Services/Auth/LocalService.php
+++ b/app/Services/Auth/LocalService.php
@@ -2,12 +2,14 @@
 
 namespace App\Services\Auth;
 
-use App\DTOs\Auth\LocalDTO;
+use App\DTOs\Auth\AuthDTO; // 부모 클래스의 타입 힌트를 위해 사용 (알리아스 아님)
+use App\DTOs\Auth\LocalDTO; // LocalDTO를 직접 사용
 use App\Entities\UserEntity;
 use App\Forms\Auth\LocalForm;
 use App\Models\UserModel;
 use RuntimeException;
 
+
 class LocalService extends AuthService
 {
 	public function __construct(UserModel $model)
@@ -42,10 +44,10 @@ class LocalService extends AuthService
 		return $entity;
 	}
 
-	public function login(object $dto): UserEntity
+	public function login(AuthDTO $dto): UserEntity
 	{
 		if (!$dto instanceof LocalDTO) {
-			throw new RuntimeException(__METHOD__ . "에서 오류발생:" . get_class($dto) . "는 사용할수 없습니다.");
+			throw new RuntimeException(__METHOD__ . "에서 오류발생: " . get_class($dto) . " DTO는 사용할 수 없습니다. LocalDTO만 허용됩니다.");
 		}
 		return parent::login($dto);
 	}
diff --git a/app/Services/CommonService.php b/app/Services/CommonService.php
index 237111b..78b2e01 100644
--- a/app/Services/CommonService.php
+++ b/app/Services/CommonService.php
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ abstract class CommonService
     {
         switch ($field) {
             default:
-                $rules[$field] = $this->getFormService()->getValidationRule($action, $field);
+                $rules = $this->getFormService()->getFormRule($action, $field);
                 break;
         }
         return $rules;
@@ -127,8 +127,10 @@ abstract class CommonService
     public function create(object $dto): CommonEntity
     {
         $formDatas = (array) $dto;
-        if (!service('validation')->setRules($this->getValidationRules(__FUNCTION__))->run($formDatas)) {
-            throw new ValidationException(implode("\n", service('validation')->getErrors()));
+        //입력값 검증
+        $validation = service('validation')->setRules($this->getValidationRules(__FUNCTION__));
+        if (!$validation->run($formDatas)) {
+            throw new ValidationException(implode("\n", $validation->getErrors()));
         }
         $entity = $this->create_process($formDatas);
         $result = $this->model->insert($entity, $this->model->useAutoIncrement());
@@ -139,8 +141,10 @@ abstract class CommonService
     public function modify(object $dto): CommonEntity
     {
         $formDatas = (array) $dto;
-        if (!service('validation')->setRules($this->getValidationRules(__FUNCTION__))->run($formDatas)) {
-            throw new ValidationException(implode("\n", service('validation')->getErrors()));
+        //입력값 검증
+        $validation = service('validation')->setRules($this->getValidationRules(__FUNCTION__));
+        if (!$validation->run($formDatas)) {
+            throw new ValidationException(implode("\n", $validation->getErrors()));
         }
         list($pk, $updateData) = $this->modify_process($formDatas);
         $entity = new ($this->model->returnType)($updateData); // 재조회에 필요한 PK를 얻기 위함